The Mystics and Secrets of Fasting in Ramadan: A Spiritual Exploration through the Teachings of Al-Ghazali
Fasting during Ramadan, a central pillar of Islam, is more than a physical act of abstaining from food and drink; it is an opportunity for spiritual transformation and enlightenment. For the mystics of Islam, particularly through the teachings of the great scholar and theologian Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, fasting is not just a discipline but a gateway to inner purity and a profound connection with the Divine. Al-Ghazali’s writings, which delve deeply into the soul’s purification, offer timeless wisdom for those who seek a deeper understanding of the secrets of fasting.
The Role of Fasting in Spiritual Ascension
Al-Ghazali, in his monumental work "Ihya' Ulum al-Din" (The Revival of the Religious Sciences), explores fasting as a means of achieving spiritual clarity and closeness to God. He emphasizes that the essence of fasting goes far beyond the outward act of refraining from food and drink. The true purpose is to cleanse the soul and in matter to purify the heart. In this sense, fasting becomes an exercise not only in self-discipline but also in heightened awareness of God's presence.
In his book "Kitab al-Sawm" (The Book of Fasting), Al-Ghazali writes:
"The essence of fasting is not merely to refrain from food and drink; rather, it is to abstain from sinful speech, harmful actions, and distractions that take us away from the remembrance of God." (Ihya' Ulum al-Din, Book of Fasting)
Al-Ghazali teaches that fasting is a means to master the lower self (nafs), which is constantly drawn toward material indulgence. Through the restraint of physical desires, the believer ascends to a higher state of consciousness, one where the soul becomes attuned to spiritual truths. This practice purges the inner self of arrogance, selfishness, and heedlessness, replacing these traits with humility, gratitude, and awareness of divine mercy.
The Mystical Dimensions of Fasting
For the Islamic mystics, or Sufis, fasting has an even deeper, more esoteric dimension. It is not only a method of self-control but also a form of spiritual intimacy with the Divine. The Sufi understanding of fasting transcends the bodily experience and becomes a vehicle for divine love. Al-Ghazali, in his works, frequently refers to the significance of “spiritual fasting,” which involves not only abstaining from food but also from negative emotions and thoughts.
A well-known Sufi saying encapsulates this deeper meaning of fasting:
"Fasting is not just for the stomach, but for the eyes, the ears, the tongue, the hands, and the feet."
This quote points to the Sufi concept of "fasting of the limbs"—the idea that true fasting involves the restraint of all senses from the distractions and indulgences of the material world.
The Sufi mystic Rumi, one of the most revered figures in Islamic spirituality, echoes this in his poetry:
"You were born with wings, why prefer to crawl through life?"
The essence of Ramadan, from a mystical perspective, is to transcend the ego and awaken to the soul’s higher purpose. The act of fasting is seen as a tool that unites the seeker with the divine, purifying their heart to experience the hidden secrets of existence. It is a means of drawing closer to Allah’s "Fana" (annihilation of the self) and "Baqa" (eternal existence in God).
The Secret of the Heart’s Fast
Al-Ghazali highlights that fasting is also a means of purifying the heart—a central concept in Islamic mysticism. The heart, in this sense, is more than a physical organ; it is the seat of spiritual consciousness. Fasting helps remove the impurities that accumulate over time, such as pride, envy, and greed, and instead cultivates virtues such as compassion, sincerity, and love for God.
He writes:
"The fast of the heart is far more important than the fast of the body. The fast of the heart is abstention from all desires that lead one away from God." (Ihya' Ulum al-Din)
In this context, fasting becomes an act of spiritual detoxification. Just as the body requires physical cleansing, so too does the heart require spiritual cleansing to draw closer to the Divine. For Al-Ghazali, the ultimate goal of fasting is not merely to avoid food or drink but to achieve a higher state of consciousness, where the heart is fully aligned with the will of Allah. This alignment brings forth an inner peace and clarity, which can only be found in the complete surrender to God’s presence.
Fasting as a Means of Divine Love
For the mystic, fasting in Ramadan is also an act of divine love. As the Qur’an states:
"O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous." (Qur'an 2:183)
Al-Ghazali elaborates on the connection between fasting and the purification of the soul by describing how fasting creates a space for the believer to experience God’s love more deeply. In his view, the very act of fasting draws one closer to the Divine, and fasting becomes a direct expression of devotion and love for God.
"When you fast, you draw closer to Allah, who will pour His mercy upon you. The fasting person who refrains from their desires in obedience to God will be granted a place in Paradise that no one else can reach." (Ihya' Ulum al-Din)
This mystical understanding of fasting as a form of divine love resonates with the teachings of many early Islamic scholars and Sufis. Ibn al-Qayyim, another great scholar, wrote:
"Fasting is a love affair between the servant and the Creator; a secret shared between them."
The experience of hunger and thirst during fasting allows the heart to yearn for the One who sustains and nourishes the soul, deepening the bond between the servant and the Creator. The process of enduring hardship in obedience to God mirrors the mystic’s journey toward ultimate union with the Divine.
The Hidden Blessings of Ramadan
Al-Ghazali also speaks of the hidden blessings and rewards of Ramadan, which are often unseen by the outward eye. He asserts that the month of Ramadan is a time when divine mercy is abundant, and the gates of heaven are open. The sincere fasting believer, even in their moments of physical discomfort, is enveloped in spiritual grace.
"Ramadan is the month of purification, when the sins of the believer are forgiven, and their heart is healed. It is the month in which the soul attains true peace." (Ihya' Ulum al-Din)
This idea of hidden blessings is echoed by the words of the great Islamic mystic Junayd of Baghdad, who said:
"The fasting person sees things with a clarity that others do not, for their heart is free from the distractions of the worldly life."
For Al-Ghazali and the Sufi tradition, Ramadan is a precious time for spiritual awakening. It is a month where the believer can unlock the secrets of fasting through introspection, prayer, and seeking closeness to God. The discipline of fasting is both a physical and spiritual purification, one that elevates the soul and leads to a deeper understanding of the Divine.
Conclusion: The Eternal Secret of Fasting
Through the wisdom of Al-Ghazali and the teachings of the Sufi mystics, we are reminded that the true secret of fasting is not merely in abstaining from food and drink but in surrendering the self to God. It is a journey of purification, spiritual awakening, and divine love. As Ramadan approaches, we are given a unique opportunity to experience this spiritual fast, allowing us to transform our hearts, align our wills with the Divine, and draw closer to the eternal Source of all mercy.
In the words of the great mystic Al-Junayd:
"The fast of the heart is to be with God, free from all distractions, free from the world."
Let us, during this blessed month, embrace the true essence of fasting—not just as a ritual but as a deep spiritual practice that purifies the heart and soul, drawing us closer to our Creator.
Ibrahim aka Bas Meijers